Here is the completely updated `question.php`.
I added the missing `$breadcrumbs` array and defined `$category_name` and `$topic_name` right before the header is included. This ensures that `header.php` generates the correct Breadcrumb Schema, page title, and meta description for single question pages.
Replace your entire `question.php` with this:
```php
Transcription Questions
Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA molecule using DNA as a template, catalyzed by RNA polymerase.
Q.
Which enzyme synthesizes RNA during transcription in bacteria?
Reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase III
Primase
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Explanation:
Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis using a DNA template.
Q.
The DNA strand that is copied during transcription is called the:
Template (antisense) strand
Lagging strand
Leading strand
Coding (sense) strand
Explanation:
The template (antisense) strand is read by RNA polymerase to produce complementary RNA. The other strand is called the coding (sense) strand.
Q.
The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as which molecule (except T→U)?
tRNA
The template strand
mRNA (except T→U)
rRNA
Explanation:
The coding (sense) strand is complementary to the template and therefore matches the mRNA sequence, with thymine replaced by uracil.
Q.
A promoter is best described as:
The origin of DNA replication
A protein that unwinds DNA
A DNA sequence upstream of a gene where RNA polymerase binds
The 3' untranslated region of mRNA
Explanation:
The promoter is a DNA sequence located upstream of the transcription start site that binds RNA polymerase and transcription factors to initiate transcription.
Q.
In bacteria, the -10 sequence of the promoter is also known as the:
Pribnow box
GC box
TATA box
CAAT box
Explanation:
The -10 sequence (consensus TATAAT) is called the Pribnow box. It is recognized by the sigma factor of RNA polymerase.
Q.
In bacteria, the -35 sequence of the promoter is primarily recognized by:
The rho termination factor
DNA gyrase
The TATA-binding protein
The sigma factor of RNA polymerase
Explanation:
The sigma factor (σ) of bacterial RNA polymerase recognizes both -10 and -35 promoter elements, enabling specific initiation of transcription.
Q.
The role of the sigma factor in bacterial transcription is:
Catalyze elongation of RNA
Splice introns from mRNA
Direct RNA polymerase to the promoter for initiation
Terminate transcription
Explanation:
Sigma factor directs RNA polymerase to promoters, initiates transcription, and is released after elongation begins. Different sigma factors allow responses to environmental changes.
Q.
In eukaryotes, which RNA polymerase transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA)?
RNA polymerase III
RNA polymerase IV
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase II
Explanation:
RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes into mRNA (and many non-coding RNAs). RNA polymerase I makes rRNA, and III makes tRNA and 5S rRNA.
Q.
In eukaryotes, which RNA polymerase transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase IV
Explanation:
RNA polymerase I is dedicated to transcribing the large rRNA precursor in the nucleolus, which is processed into 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs.
Q.
In eukaryotes, which RNA polymerase transcribes transfer RNA (tRNA)?
RNA polymerase IV
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III
RNA polymerase I
Explanation:
RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA genes, 5S rRNA, and other small non-coding RNAs.
Q.
The TATA box is a promoter element found in:
All bacterial promoters
The ribosome binding site in mRNA
Many eukaryotic promoters
Introns only
Explanation:
The TATA box is a conserved AT-rich sequence in many eukaryotic promoters, typically about 25–30 bp upstream of the transcription start site.
Q.
General (basal) transcription factors in eukaryotes function to:
Assemble with RNA polymerase II at the promoter to initiate transcription
Splice mRNA introns
Terminate transcription at specific sites
Synthesize poly-A tails
Explanation:
Basal transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH) assemble with RNA polymerase II at the promoter to form the preinitiation complex and enable transcription.
Q.
The 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA during processing is:
7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge
A short peptide tag
A chain of ~200 adenine nucleotides
A chain of ~200 thymine nucleotides
Explanation:
The 5' cap is a 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge. It protects the mRNA from degradation and helps ribosomes recognize the transcript.
Q.
The poly-A tail added to eukaryotic mRNA is composed of:
Cytosine nucleotides
Uracil nucleotides
Guanine nucleotides
Adenine nucleotides
Explanation:
The poly-A tail is a stretch of ~150–250 adenine residues added post-transcriptionally to the 3' end of mRNA, increasing stability and translation efficiency.
Q.
Introns in primary RNA transcripts are:
Protein-coding sequences retained in mRNA
Signals that initiate transcription
Sequences that encode the 5' cap
Intervening non-coding sequences removed during splicing
Explanation:
Introns are intervening non-coding sequences removed from the primary transcript during RNA splicing. Exons are retained and joined to form mature mRNA.
Q.
Exons are best described as:
Coding sequences retained in mature mRNA after splicing
Terminator sequences only
Non-coding sequences removed during splicing
Promoter sequences only
Explanation:
Exons are the coding segments of a gene that are retained in mature mRNA after introns are spliced out.
Q.
The spliceosome is a complex that:
Catalyzes intron removal from pre-mRNA
Adds the poly-A tail to mRNA
Synthesizes RNA from DNA
Translates mRNA into protein
Explanation:
The spliceosome is a large RNA-protein complex (containing snRNAs and many proteins) that catalyzes intron removal and exon joining during mRNA processing.
Q.
Alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA allows a single gene to produce:
DNA from RNA
Multiple protein isoforms from one gene
Only non-coding RNAs
Only one protein isoform
Explanation:
Alternative splicing varies which exons are retained in the mature mRNA, so one gene can generate multiple distinct protein isoforms.
Q.
Rho-dependent termination in bacteria requires:
The TATA box
The Rho protein (an ATP-dependent helicase)
The sigma factor
A poly-A tail
Explanation:
Rho-dependent termination uses the Rho protein, an ATP-dependent helicase that binds the emerging RNA and disrupts the RNA-DNA-RNA polymerase complex.
Q.
Rho-independent termination in bacteria involves:
A 5' cap structure
The Rho protein
A GC-rich hairpin in the RNA followed by a run of uridines
The sigma factor
Explanation:
Rho-independent (intrinsic) termination depends on a GC-rich inverted repeat that forms a stable stem-loop followed by a run of uridines in the RNA, causing polymerase pausing and release.
Q.
Reverse transcriptase synthesizes:
Lipids from DNA
Protein from mRNA
DNA from an RNA template
RNA from a DNA template
Explanation:
Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that makes DNA from an RNA template — the reverse of normal transcription.
Q.
A polycistronic mRNA:
Encodes one protein from many transcripts
Encodes multiple proteins from one transcript
Contains no coding sequences
Is unique to eukaryotes
Explanation:
Polycistronic mRNAs contain multiple coding regions (cistrons) under a single promoter, allowing several proteins to be translated from one transcript — common in bacteria and absent from most eukaryotic mRNAs.
Q.
An operon is:
The origin of DNA replication
A eukaryotic enhancer element
A type of intron
A cluster of co-transcribed genes regulated by a single promoter
Explanation:
An operon is a cluster of prokaryotic genes controlled by a single promoter and regulatory sequences, allowing coordinated expression.
Q.
Enhancers are DNA elements that:
Encode the poly-A tail
Increase transcription from a distance, independent of orientation
Direct splicing of introns
Terminate transcription
Explanation:
Enhancers are distal DNA elements that increase transcription of a target gene when bound by specific transcription factors — often from a distance and independent of orientation.